judaism and christianity compare and contrast essay

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Judaism and Christianity Comparison

Introduction.

There are a lot of religions in modern world and a question which religion was the first, the primary remains the main in modern society. Every religion wants to gain the status of superiority. One of the longest and widest contest continues between Christianity and Judaism. Christian people are sure that Judaism finds its fulfillment in Christianity. Jews contradict this statement and want to prove their independent development. But there are still people who sure that Christianity brings some completeness to the Judaism.

Some scholars try to unite these two religions, Judaism and Christianity, by common history. Yes, the history may be common, but the essence of these religions is different. These religions have lots of similar issues, but they were formed separately, without coming out one of another. Judaism and Christianity have their own histories, and even if they were connected somewhere, this connection is not the base for this or that religion. Christianity and Judaism are two religions which walked parallel ways, they are like different coins, not the different sides of one and the same coin. These religions have common basis, common ground, which makes them to seem similar.

To understand the differences in both religions, we need to understand the differences in notions of these religions. The notion of afterlife is common for both these religions. While Judaism believes in afterlife, Christianity explains this notion a little bit different. Christian people believe in resurrection. These understandings are similar, but not the same. Judaism afterlife is believed, but not explained. Jewish people do not try to explain what they cannot understand, they just believe in it. Christian religion believes in the day when resurrection comes and religious people will live forever in the Garden of Eden.

The sacred book also has common patterns, but still they are just common, not the same. Christian sacred book, Bible, is the guide for all Christians. This book is a collection of rules and states of how people should behave in order to gain resurrection in future. Bible teaches Christian people what way of life they should lead, to be able to possess the proud name of Christian.

The word Bible is not commonly used in Judaism. Jews use the word holy writings. This book explains the aim of life for Jewish people. The holy writings present the scheme according to which Jews should follow. These books have common issues and themes, and it is not a surprise. These are sacred books which aim is to direct people for good, to teach people ethics and morality, and the ethical rules and moral issues for almost all nations is the same, so the Christianity and Judaism is not an exception.

The named examples confirm the statement that Judaism and Christianity are different religions, which have one common basis. The world history is common for all, but further interpretation of the history and further development of different nations proves that different nationalities and religions followed their own ways, had their own histories.

The contests around Jews and Christian religions may be understood by common places of development and common time of development, that is all. These two facts cannot be strong evidences to confirm the idea that Judaism comes out of Christianity.

Some scholars still continue to view Judaism as the part of Christian religion. They want to prove that the appearance of Jesus of Nazareth was the event which promoted the absorption of Judaism into Christianity. This seems to be wrong in many aspects. Comparing the history and development of these two nations, Jewish and Christian people may see lots of differences in the national features, in philosophical views and modes of behavior. If the situation was that these two religions were connected one for some time, the traditions would have been similar. And what is seen, does not confirm the idea of common development of these religions. The religious holidays are different and the understanding of the world is different.

The appearance of life is connected with God. This fact is present in all religions, so the history of appearance is the same, but the further development is different. The Holocaust is the terrible event which was present in Jewish history. The fact of its presence confirms, somehow, the facts that Christianity and Judaism have never been one common religion. Holocaust is the event which killed lots of Jewish people just because of their religion.

In sum, give information showed the same basic events, which assisted in appearance of Judaism and Christianity, but it is impossible to say that these religions developed together. These religions grew in the same time, they had the same conditions, what predetermine some common features. The other aspects are different. These two religions have different understanding of the world and the philosophical viewpoints are different. The last fact, to the confirmation that these religions have never been one common religion, is their different way of development. So, Judaism should not be viewed as the part of Christian religion. Judaism does not need Christianity to complete it.

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Christianity vs. Judaism

Christianity and Judaism are two Abrahamic religions that have similar origins but have varying beliefs, practices, and teachings.

Comparison chart

About Judaism and Christianity

The definition of Christianity varies among different Christian groups. Roman Catholics, Protestants and Eastern Orthodox define a Christian as one who is the member of the Church and the one who enters through the sacrament of baptism . Infants and adults who are baptized are considered as Christians. Jesus's Jewish group became labeled 'Christian' because his followers claimed he was 'Christ' the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew and Aramaic word for ' Messiah .' Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people, based on principles and ethics embodied in the Hebrew Bible ( Tanakh ) and the Talmud .

Christianity began in 1st century AD Jerusalem as a Jewish sect and spread throughout the Roman Empire and beyond to countries such as Ethiopia, Armenia, Georgia, Assyria, Iran, India, and China. The first known usage of the term Christians can be found in the New Testament of the Bible . The term was thus first used to denote those known or perceived to be disciples of Jesus. The history of early Christian groups is told in Acts in the New Testament. The early days of Christianity witnessed the desert Fathers in Egypt, sects of hermits and Gnostic ascetics.

Jesus gave the New Law by summing up the Ten Commandments. Many of the Jews did not accept Jesus. For traditional Jews, the commandments and Jewish law are still binding. For Christians, Jesus replaced Jewish law. As Jesus began teaching the twelve Apostles some Jews began to follow Him and others did not. Those who believed the teachings of Jesus became known as Christians and those who didn't remained Jews.

Differences in Beliefs

The Religion of Mary and Joseph was the Jewish religion . Judaism's central belief is the people of all religions are children of God , and therefore equal before God. Judaism accepts the worth of all people regardless of religion, it allows people who are not Jewish and wish to voluntarily join the Jewish people. While the Jews believe in the unity of God, Christians believe in the Trinity. A Jew believes in divine revelation through the prophets and Christians believe it to be through Jesus and the prophets.

The Christian Religion encompasses all churches as well as believers without churches, as many modern practitioners may be believers in Christ but not active church goers. A Christian will study the Bible , attend church, seek ways to introduce the teachings of Jesus into his or her life, and engage in prayer. A Christian seeks forgiveness for his or her personal sins through faith in Jesus Christ . The goal of the Christian is both the manifestation of the Kingdom of God on Earth and the attainment of Heaven in the after-life.

In the following video, Christian apologist Lee Strobel interviews Rabbi Tovia Singer and fellow evangelical Christian apologist William Lane Craig about the Trinity of God:

Scriptures of Christianity and Judaism

Judaism has considered belief in the divine revelation and acceptance of the Written and Oral Torah as its fundamental core belief. The Jewish Bible is called Tanakh which is the dictating religious dogma. Christianity regards the Holy Bible, a collection of canonical books in two parts (the Old Testament and the New Testament) as authoritative: written by human authors under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, and therefore the inerrant Word of God.

Jewish vs. Christian Practices

Traditionally, Jews recite prayers three times daily, with a fourth prayer added on Shabbat and holidays. Most of the prayers in a traditional Jewish service can be said in solitary prayer, although communal prayer is preferred. Jews also have certain religious clothing which a traditional Jew wears.Christians believe that all people should strive to follow Christ's commands and example in their everyday actions. For many, this includes obedience to the Ten Commandments . Other Christian practices include acts of piety such as prayer and Bible reading. Christians assemble for communal worship on Sunday, the day of the resurrection, though other liturgical practices often occur outside this setting. Scripture readings are drawn from the Old and New Testaments, but especially the Gospels .

Comparing Jewish and Christian Religious Teachings/Principles

Judaism teaches Jews to believe in one God and direct all prayers towards Him alone while Christians are taught about the Trinity of God - The Father, the Son and Holy Spirit. Jews generally consider actions and behavior to be of primary importance; beliefs come out of actions. This conflicts with conservative Christians for whom belief is of primary importance and actions tend to be derivative from beliefs.

Another universal teaching of Christianity is following the concept of family values, helping the powerless and promoting peace which Jews also believe in.

The View of Jesus in Christianity and Judaism

To Jews, Jesus was a wonderful teacher and storyteller. He was just a human, not the son of God. Jews do not think of Jesus as a prophet . Also, Jews believe that Jesus cannot save souls, and only God can. In the Jewish view, Jesus did not rise from the dead. Judaism in general does not recognize Jesus as the Messiah.

Christians believe in Jesus as a messiah and as the giver of salvation. Christians believe that all people should strive to follow Christ's commands and example in their everyday actions.

Geographical Distribution of Jews vs. Christians

The Jews have suffered a long history of persecution in many different lands, and their population and distribution per region has fluctuated throughout the centuries. Today, most authorities place the number of Jews between 12 and 14 million. Predominantly, Jews today live in Israel, Europe and the United States .

Data suggest that there are around 2.1 billion Christians in the world all around the globe inlcuding South and North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania.

Groups/Sects

Jews include three groups: people who practice Judaism and have a Jewish ethnic background (sometimes including those who do not have strictly matrilineal descent), people without Jewish parents who have converted to Judaism; and those Jews who, while not practicing Judaism as a religion, still identify themselves as Jewish by virtue of their family's Jewish descent and their own cultural and historical identification with the Jewish people.

There are many people who follow christianity and have divided themselves into various groups/ sects depending upon varying beliefs. The types of Christians include Catholic , Protestant , Anglican , Lutheran , Presbyterian , Baptist, Episcopalian , Greek Orthodox , Russian Orthodox , Coptic .

• Jews and Christians: Exploring the past, present and Future by Various Contributors and edited by James H. Charlesworth
• Wikipedia: Jewish history
• Wikipedia: Jew#Who is a Jew
• Wikipedia: Christian
• Wikipedia: Christianity

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Comments: Christianity vs Judaism

Anonymous comments (5).

January 10, 2012, 7:53pm A rather poor and static account of Judaisim with no distinction between the period of Temple worship and the evolution of Judaism after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, which involved innovations such as synagougue worship and the codification of the Oral Law. Halakha is merely a term for law or legaly study (see the Penguin Dictionary of Judaims by Nicholas De Lange). No mention of the fact that Judaism deals with how to bevave ethically in a divinely create world whose permissible pleasures and benefits which are enjoined to enjoy. Likwise, no mention of the seven basic Noachic Commandments, the observance of which places non-Jews and Jews on a equal footing. Therefore, I do not stop Christians in the street and try to convert them to Judaism. I wish that they would accord me the same courtesy. Judaism today covers a wide range of groups, some of whom, such as the Chassidim, have beliefs that are coloured by Christian thought such as original sin and the existence of Satan. In traditonal Jewish thought, everything is created by the Almighty and there is no supernatural source of evil. Every human being has an inclination towards good and towards evil and we are all indiviudally rsponsible for our own actions. Human beings therefore are capable of change and no Redeemer who died for our sins is required. I resent the historical treatment of Jews by Christians and their belief that theirs is the one truth faith, despite Christ's statement about the many mansions in my Father's house. I aslo resent Christians' sometimes deliberate misinterpretation of passages in the Old Testament such as "eye for eye" in a literal manner, in order to portray Judaism as a brutal religion that has been supersed by Christianity, the religion of love, although throught the ages we Jews have seen percious little of this virture. Even today, the indifference of most Christians towards animal welfare and animal cruelty is striking. In Judasim, all living beings are part of the divine creation and are to be respected accordingly. I suggest that you do more reading to deepen your knowledge and understanding of our religion, without which Christianity would not have been possible. — 82.✗.✗.178

December 1, 2012, 9:41am Are you talking a out a religion that came years after the Hebrews stopped using the name of God when he told you to keep it and remember it for it is his name forever? If I recall most jews don't even utter or even try to pronounce the name anymore. Jesus the rebel had to come along and use the name,lol, Jesus said Ehyah has sent me, and said he is one with Ehyah and most jews wanted to stone him and if possible kill all his followers or mess with there teachings due to the fact Gentiles after being exposed to Messiah and his culture were being taught that they needed to be circumcised and of that other such. I didn't come to say all jews are bad, in fact there are as many good as there are bad, we are all humans. What I am saying is Judaism formed over the years compared to there predecessors. I mean lets be rash No prophet in the bible was claiming to be apart of Judaism, what they claimed was there tribe and the God. If you ask Moses what's Judaism he wouldn't know what to say because its a religion and if I go to the nearest synagogue over a year I can possibly be called a Jew too. Does that make me Judah's descendant NO. Big difference between tribes and religion — 71.✗.✗.160

December 14, 2011, 3:04am I am a little late for the discussion here. I find it interesting that with the similar beliefs in the Old testament and the Torah that the two diverge as much as they do. I have yet to find one mention of the trinity in either the Old or New Testament (if I missed it please enlighten me). To me is seems both religions claim to worship the same G-d. One teaches redemption while the other preaches salvation. To me this are a lot alike it is where man is removed from his own sin and evil. I know on a social scale there is much difference. A person is Jewish by birth and or choice. In almost any event they will be Jewish even if they choose not to believe in g-d. In Christianity you are a Christian by choice , you must ask g-d to accept you. You must apologize for a sinful nature that is part of the human condition. You must live the best you can to G-d standards and the 10 commandments. However there were a number of restrictions lifted most notably diet. I am trying to get to the root of the differences myself as I sit and look at the two religions. I know that G-d's people are to be tormented and the Jews have had that throughout history. I see this happening with the Christians now as well. I will keep digging and hope somewhere someone can help me by shedding light on the Jews and Christians. Untill then may G-d bless every one of you as he does. — 71.✗.✗.121

May 2, 2014, 3:33pm no that is a hole different religion that that the cover their hair if you thought that because of the movie gods not dead her family was islamic — 209.✗.✗.254

August 16, 2013, 5:21am Start writing down how many times your prayer have been answered and how they were answered. So next time some one tells you there's no god show 'em the list. They may say that's just a coincidence but they are probably going to start wondering if what they've been told is true and start looking into it. And for those of you who say your prayers haven't been answered, here's some advice. APPRECIATE THE little THINGS. — 72.✗.✗.10

• New Testament vs Old Testament
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• Islam vs Shia

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Judaism vs Christianity: 10 Important Differences (CHART)

Written by Marko Marina, Ph.D.

Author |  Historian

Author |  Historian |  BE Contributor

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Date written: November 27th, 2024

Edited by Laura Robinson, Ph.D.

Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this article belong to the author and do not necessarily match my own. - Dr. Bart D. Ehrman

Religion is a central feature of human life and culture, shaping societies and influencing countless aspects of human behavior and thought. As Mircea Eliade observed years ago, it’s fundamentally the experience of the sacred — a means by which individuals connect to something transcendent and, in doing so, engage with what it means to be profoundly human.

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In the Western world, much of the cultural and philosophical framework rests upon the influence of three monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Among these, Judaism and Christianity share a particularly intricate relationship. 

Exploring Judaism vs. Christianity not only highlights the historical and theological ties between the two but also reveals the distinctive features that have come to define them as separate religious traditions.

Understanding the difference between Judaism and Christianity, therefore, requires examining their similarities as well as their distinctions. Both traditions trace their origins to the ancient Near East, center their beliefs on a single deity, and share a reverence for the sacred texts of the Hebrew Bible.

Yet, their paths diverge significantly in their understandings of the Scripture, rituals, social organization, and theological concepts, such as the nature of God, salvation, and the role of religious leadership.

This article seeks to provide a thoughtful and scholarly comparison of these two influential traditions. By exploring 12 shared foundations and identifying 10 differences between Judaism and Christianity, we aim to foster a deeper appreciation for the complexities of these two religious traditions. 

Judaism vs. Christianity: The Value of the Comparative Approach

Religion is a concept that seems, at first glance, deceptively simple to define. Yet, its broad, inclusive nature makes pinning it down one of the more challenging exercises in religious studies.

Every semester, I put my students to the test in my lecture on religion in the Roman world. I ask them to write a short definition of what they think religion is. At first, their pens fly confidently across the paper — until they pause, frown, and realize that they have just ventured into murky waters. The realization that defining religion is more difficult than they imagined always brings a dose of humor to the classroom.

It’s not just a fun exercise, though; it’s an effective way to illustrate that religion, in its many forms, defies simple categorization. This very challenge lies at the heart of the comparative study of religion, where scholars grapple with definitions that are inclusive of the vast diversity of religious traditions.

Furthermore, the comparative approach to the study of religion provides a way to navigate this complexity. By examining religions side by side, scholars can identify both overarching structures and unique characteristics.

This method helps illuminate commonalities that unite religious traditions, while highlighting key differences that distinguish them. For example, in the case of Judaism vs. Christianity, a comparative lens reveals the shared heritage of these two monotheistic faiths while also exposing profound divergences.

In his book When Religion Becomes Evil , Charles Kimball notes the benefits of the comparative approach : 

It helps us see the structures, patterns, and tendencies that various religious traditions share. It helps us see what is attractive, and what provides meaning and hope for people in different times and places. It also exposes shared tendencies and common pitfalls. In daily discourse, most people tend to think and talk about their own religion in terms of its ideals. At the same time, often unconsciously, they often characterize other religious systems in terms of poorly understood teachings and the visibly flawed behavior of adherents. A comparative approach exposes such disjunctures and enables us to see religion as a broader, human, phenomenon.

One essential aspect of this comparative endeavor is recognizing the role of subjectivity. As we examine the 10 differences between Judaism and Christianity, it’s important to acknowledge that we, as observers, aren’t entirely free of biases.

Sociologists Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, in their seminal work The Social Construction of Reality , famously emphasized that every individual is shaped by their upbringing, religious tradition, and cultural context. 

These influences color the way we perceive and analyze any phenomena, including religion. So, while objectivity remains the goal, awareness of our subjectivity ensures a more balanced and reflective approach.

The comparative study of religion, therefore, invites us to challenge our assumptions. By exploring similarities and differences between Judaism and Christianity, we gain insights not only into these religions but the broader human experience.

With that foundation in mind, we now turn our attention to the similarities between Judaism and Christianity, examining the shared features that connect these two influential traditions.

Judaism vs. Christianity: Similarities

In a valuable collection of essays Religions of the World , Niels C. Nielsen identifies twelve common characteristics found across most religious traditions, including Judaism and Christianity. 

His insights offer a useful framework for understanding these two Biblical religions and provide an excellent starting point for our exploration of Judaism vs. Christianity. Let’s take a look! 

#1 – Belief in the Supernatural and Ultimate Reality

Both Judaism and Christianity assert belief in the supernatural , including God, angels, and an ultimate reality that transcends human existence while remaining deeply connected to it. 

Judaism's journey toward monotheism, as Benjamin D. Sommer has noted, took shape during and after the Babylonian exile in the 6th century B.C.E. Before this period, its theology exhibited clear polytheistic tendencies, but over time, socio-political and religious factors solidified the assertion of one God .

Similarly, Christianity emerged from this monotheistic framework, embracing the God of the Old Testament while adding distinctive theological dimensions. As Larry Hurtado observes in his acclaimed book Lord Jesus Christ :

What became 'Christianity' began as a movement within the Jewish religious tradition of the Roman period, and the chief characteristic of the Jewish religion in this period was its defiantly monotheistic stance. I contend that any consideration of early Christ devotion must set it in the context of this central feature of the religious matrix out of which the Christian movement sprang.

#2 – The Sacred vs. the Profane

Both religions distinguish between the sacred and the profane. By “profane,” I don’t mean “dirty,” but “ordinary” and “everyday.” Both Judaism and Christianity assign special significance to specific times, places, objects, and people. 

A good example of this is how both religions have holy days and sacred time. In Christianity, Christmas and Easter are the most sacred days in the calendar, commemorating the birth and resurrection of Jesus .

In Judaism, sacred times include the High Holy Days of Rosh Hashanah (the Jewish New Year) and Yom Kippur (the Day of Atonement), as well as Passover, which recalls the Exodus from Egypt .

#3 – Ritual Activities

Prescribed rituals form an essential part of both traditions , fostering a sense of community and connection with the divine. Judaism emphasizes practices such as observing the Sabbath, kosher dietary laws, and rituals like circumcision and bar mitzvah ceremonies.

Christianity similarly incorporates rituals including baptism, the Eucharist, and weekly worship gatherings, reflecting its roots in Jewish liturgical traditions.

#4 – Moral Codes and Ethical Principles

Most religions commonly promote a moral code or ethical principles to guide individuals and communities. How does that reflect within our Judaism vs. Christianity exploration?

A central feature of Judaism and Christianity is their shared moral framework, anchored in the Ten Commandments . These commandments outline ethical responsibilities toward God and fellow human beings, forming the bedrock of legal and moral systems in both traditions.

#5 – Religious Emotions and Intuitions

The religious life of Christians and Jews often incorporates common emotional and intuitive human feelings . These feelings include a sense of the wonder and mystery of existence, joy, and guilt, but also a profound sense of loss (in the case of apostasy!).

As Rabbi David Wolpe notes in his book Why Faith Matters (reflecting on the time when he lost his faith): 

Losing faith is not a discovery that a proposition, once believed, has proved to be false. You may find out that a medicine does not really work or a relative whom you remember fondly is actually mean-spirited. These are nasty shocks to the system, but not like losing one’s faith... Faith is where we stand in the universe, not an idea that is checked off in the truth-or-illusion column. Losing one’s faith is stepping off the planet to find oneself spinning in a new orbit.

#6 – Communication With the Divine

Prayer , both individual and communal, serves as a primary means of connecting with the divine in Judaism and Christianity. From the Shema in Jewish worship to the Lord’s Prayer in Christianity, both traditions emphasize direct communication with God as central to religious life.

#7 – Sacred Stories and Scripture

Both traditions provide a coherent worldview through sacred stories rooted in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament . Christianity’s narrative builds upon this foundation, reinterpreting the Scriptures in light of the life and teachings of Jesus.

Furthermore, sacred stories, often referred to as myths in the study of comparative religion, are foundational elements of all religious traditions. In this context, the term “myth” doesn’t imply something false or untrue; rather, it denotes a sacred narrative that holds profound truth for those who embrace it.

Creation myths, while not the only type of sacred story, are among the most prevalent. Within the framework of our Judaism vs. Christianity discussion, the Book of Genesis and its two accounts of the creation of the world serve as prime examples.

In The Power of Myth , Joseph Campbell identified four main functions of sacred stories:

• Sacred stories elicit a sense of awe before the wonder of existence and in the face of God’s creative activity.
• Sacred stories provide a sense of living in an ordered cosmos rather than chaos.
• Sacred stories function sociologically to help human beings identify who we are and how we should behave in the community.
• Finally, sacred stories help guide individuals through the challenging stages of life: Birth, puberty, adulthood, and death.

#8 – Life Organization

Judaism and Christianity influence personal and communal life through guidelines on dress, sacrifices, and occupations . For instance, Jewish traditions include distinct dress codes, such as wearing the kippah or tzitzit, while monasticism in Christianity demonstrates a commitment to simplicity and religious devotion through specific attire and ascetic practices.

#9 – Social Organization and Institutions

Both traditions rely on organized structures to sustain worship and leadership. Judaism’s emphasis on the synagogue and rabbinic leadership parallels Christianity’s development of church hierarchies.

As explored in my dissertation (which I plan to publish in English as well), the success of early Christianity’s proto-orthodoxy, for instance, was deeply tied to its strong institutional framework.

#10 – Inner Peace and Harmony

Despite life’s challenges, both traditions offer adherents a sense of peace and meaning . Whether through prayer, scripture, or community support, Judaism and Christianity provide tools for navigating suffering and injustice .

#11 – Future Hope

Hope for a better future is integral to both traditions. Christianity emphasizes the Second Coming of Jesus , while Judaism awaits the arrival of the Messiah — a concept that has sustained Jewish communities through centuries of trials.

#12 – Sustainability and Growth

And finally, following Nielsen's insights, we come to the last similarity between Judaism and Christianity: The sustainability of contemporary religions . 

As Nielsen explains, religions must propagate themselves through the recruitment of new members and/or procreation within the community of faith. 

In the case of Christianity, missionary impulse represents one of its most significant traits — one that, as Martin Goodman explored, wasn't common at all within the Jewish tradition! However, Judaism still propagates itself through marriage and procreation within the community, which serve as the primary sources of new adherents.

After exploring shared characteristics, let us turn our focus to 10 differences between Judaism and Christianity. 

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10 Differences Between Judaism and Christianity

A comparative approach to the study of religion, while insightful, has its limitations , particularly when differences between traditions are overlooked or oversimplified. 

Assumptions, such as equating Jesus and Muhammad as “founders” with similar roles or interpreting Old Testament prophets like Isaiah in the same way within Judaism and Christianity, can lead to misconceptions.

To avoid such pitfalls, the following section highlights 10 differences between Judaism and Christianity, shedding light on their distinctive practices, assumptions, and interpretations of sacred scripture.

#1 – View of Jesus: God’s Messiah vs. False Messiah

Jesus’ role and identity stand as one of the most significant differences between Judaism and Christianity. Within the Christian tradition, Jesus is regarded as the resurrected Son of God, the Messiah who fulfills Old Testament prophecies. Furthermore, Christians believe that through his death and resurrection, Jesus redeemed humanity.

Referring to the second section of the Nicene Creed, Joseph Ratzinger (Pope Benedict XVI) asserts in his Introduction to Christianity : 

The confession of faith that the man Jesus, an individual executed in Palestine round about the year 30, the ‘Christus’ (anointed, chosen) of God, indeed God’s own Son, is the central and decisive point of all human history.

In contrast, Judaism doesn’t recognize Jesus as the Messiah or as the divine Son of God. In the early decades of Christianity, there were Judeo-Christian groups who held these views while remaining fully immersed in Jewish religious practices. However, during the first several centuries they were marginalized as the parting of the ways between Judaism and Christianity set clear boundaries. 

Today, the Jewish understanding of the Messiah typically involves a future figure who will restore Israel, bring peace, and establish God’s Kingdom of Earth. Since Jesus didn’t fulfill these expectations during his lifetime, Jewish tradition views him as a respected teacher but not as the awaited redeemer.

In the article published in the Jewish Journal , David Wolpe explains it in simple terms: 

The primary reason that Jews do not believe in Jesus as the Messiah is that after his arrival and death, the world was not redeemed. There is at least as much suffering, pain, and tragedy in the world as there was before Jesus — probably much more.

Needless to say, this fundamental divergence shapes the theological, philosophical, and liturgical framework of both religions. Finally, if you want to find out more about the Jewish perspective on Jesus, I highly recommend Jacob Neusner’s book A Rabbi Talks with Jesus .

Scholarly Insights

Defining Religion: A Challenge for the Curious Mind.

What is religion, exactly? This seemingly simple question has puzzled scholars for centuries, sparking countless debates across disciplines. Is religion, as Émile Durkheim suggested, primarily about the sacred, which acts as both a mirror of society and an expression of social cohesion? Or is it, as Sigmund Freud argued, an outward expression of deep psychological needs and conflicts? Perhaps Rudolf Otto’s idea of the Holy as an ineffable reality that transcends human experience resonates more with you. Or maybe Mircea Eliade’s concept of the sacred breaking into the ordinary world through “hierophanies” (manifestations of the sacred) and “theophanies” (manifestations of God) offers a compelling framework. Each of these perspectives adds a layer to the intricate puzzle of understanding religion. Now it’s your turn to dive in! Reflect on the ideas presented above and challenge yourself to craft your definition of religion . Does one scholar’s view resonate more strongly with you, or do you see aspects of truth in multiple perspectives? How would you account for religion’s diversity across cultures and its profound impact on human history and behavior? Write down your thoughts, refine your ideas, and see how your definition compares with others. Who knows? You might just stumble upon a perspective that future generations will reference as they explore this age-old question.

#2 – Sacred Texts: Torah and Talmud vs. Old and New Testaments

Both Judaism and Christianity are, as Harry Y. Gamble notes, religions deeply immersed in the written texts. However, their scriptural canons differ significantly. 

Judaism’s primary sacred texts include the Torah (the first five books of the Hebrew Bible traditionally believed to be written by Moses, the Nevi’im (Prophets), and the Ketuvim (Writings). These parts, formalized by the end of the 2nd century, form the collection known as Tanakh . 

Christianity, while sharing the Old Testament as part of its canon, incorporates the New Testament as a foundational component. 

The New Testament contains the Gospels, which recount the life and teachings of Jesus, as well as letters and writings that interpret his significance within the early Christian community. These additional texts reframe the Hebrew Bible in light of Jesus' ministry , creating distinct Christian theological lenses.

In Introduction to Christianity , Mary J. Weaver and David Brakke summarize the key difference between Judaism and Christianity in their approach to the Sacred Scripture: 

Christians and Jews interpret the Bible differently. For Christians, Jesus shakes up the old order of things and makes it possible to see everything that went before him as pointing essentially toward him. For Jews, the events of the Bible do not point toward Jesus at all but beyond him, to a future Messiah. The differences in interpretation are profound: for the Jews, the Hebrew Bible points toward something still to come; but for Christians, it sets the stage and provides an explanation for someone who has already arrived.

#3 – Concept of God: Strict Monotheism vs. Trinitarian Theology

Both Judaism and Christianity affirm belief in one God, yet their conceptualizations of God diverge significantly.

Judaism adheres to strict monotheism , emphasizing the indivisible unity of God as proclaimed in the Shema: “Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one” (Deuteronomy 6:4). In his book Jewish Literacy , Joseph Teluskhin notes the significance of monotheism within the Jewish history:

The three founding fathers of Judaism are Abraham, his son Isaac, and Isaac’s son Jacob… Abraham’s enduring legacy is ethical monotheism, the belief that there is one God over mankind and that His primary concern is that people act ethically.

Christianity also proclaims monotheism but, based on their belief in Jesus’ resurrection , introduces the doctrine of the Trinity. This doctrine (hard to understand from a purely logical perspective) posits that God exists as one being in three distinct persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. 

While Christians maintain that this doesn’t compromise monotheism, this theological development marks a major departure from Jewish thought, which views such beliefs as incompatible with the uniqueness of God. 

For instance, early rabbinic sources, as Alan F. Segal explored, highlight a strong polemic against the so-called “two powers” heretics that Segal identifies as both Gnostics and (“orthodox”) Christians.

This label comes exactly from the perceived violation of strict monotheism either by introducing Jesus as the divine Son (“orthodox” Christians) or by envisioning another (evil) divine being responsible for the creation of the material world ( Gnostics ).

#4 - Salvation: Works and Covenant vs. Grace and Faith

In our exploration of the Judaism vs. Christianity debate, we see another major difference between these two important religious traditions. 

In Judaism, salvation is often understood in collective terms, focusing on the covenantal relationship between God and the Jewish people. Adherents seek to live by God’s laws , as expressed in the Torah, and maintain the covenant through acts of righteousness and ritual observance. 

Christianity, on the other hand, emphasizes salvation as an act of divine grace made possible through faith in the resurrected Jesus. According to Christian theology, humans are inherently sinful and incapable of achieving salvation through their efforts.

Instead, Jesus’ sacrificial death and resurrection (along with good deeds, according to the Catholic tradition !) provide the means for redemption, and individuals must accept this gift through their faith. 

#5 – Ritual Practices: Kosher Laws and Festivals vs. Sacraments

Ritual observances play a vital role in both Judaism and Christianity, yet their forms and emphases vary greatly . Judaism prescribes detailed ritual practices, such as dietary laws (keeping kosher), observing the Sabbath, and celebrating festivals like Passover and Yom Kippur.

In Living Judaism , Rabbi Wayne Dosick explains:

Judaism has not only the ethics by which to live but also the system — called ethical ritualism — by which to pass on and perpetuate those ethical values from generation to generation. Rituals are performed to bring people to a deeper place in the human psyche than words can touch. Rituals are without words, before words. They provide a physical experience — a 'felt-sense' —that goes beyond intellectual 'knowledge' to metaphysical intrinsic 'knowing'.

In contrast, Christian ritual practices center on sacraments, with baptism and the Eucharist being the most universally observed. These sacraments symbolize spiritual transformation and communion with God through Jesus Christ.

While some Christian denominations (e.g. Eastern Orthodoxy) observe additional sacraments (e.g. confirmation), these rituals often reflect the theological focus on grace and personal faith rather than adherence to a detailed legal code. 

#6 – Worship Spaces: Synagogues vs. Churches

The central places of worship highlight one important difference between Judaism and Christianity. Synagogues serve as the primary communal spaces for Jewish worship, study, and community gatherings. 

Historically, they emerged during the Babylonian exile as a substitute for the Jerusalem Temple. Furthermore, after the destruction of the Temple in 70 C.E. and the expulsion of the Jews from Palestine in 135 C.E., synagogues became centers for Jewish worship, prayer, and contemplation. 

Modern synagogues continue to emphasize these functions, with services often centered on reciting prayers, reading the Torah, and fostering community bonds.

In contrast, Christian churches are designed primarily for communal worship centered on Jesus Christ, his redemptive death, and resurrection. Historically, private homes first served as the gathering hubs. Later on (and especially after Constantine’s conversion ), churches became independent buildings, serving their religious purpose.

Church services often include preaching, prayer, singing hymns, and celebrating sacraments like the Eucharist. The architectural and symbolic elements of churches — such as the altar, cross, and stained-glass windows — reflect the Christian focus on Jesus’ redemptive role .

#7 – Clergy: Rabbis vs. Priests/Pastors 

The roles and functions of religious leaders in Judaism and Christianity demonstrate another key distinction between the two traditions. The role of the rabbi has evolved significantly in Judaism, especially after 135 C.E. with the emergence of rabbinic Judaism. 

In Judaism, the rabbi is primarily a teacher and interpreter of Jewish law (Halakha). Rabbis lead synagogue services, guide their communities, and provide counsel, but their authority derives from their expertise in the Torah and rabbinic tradition rather than a formal ordination that confers spiritual powers.

Notably, a rabbi’s presence isn’t required for a Jewish community to hold a service; any group of responsible individuals can come together to form a community and conduct worship! 

Christian clergy, such as priests and pastors, often have a more sacramental role . In Protestant Christianity, for instance, Anglican and Baptist clergy frame the High and Low Church traditions. 

The primary function of the clergy in the Low Church tradition is less related to ritual activity and more connected to the proclamation of the Gospel. In the High Church tradition (including Catholicism), the focus of the clergy is on celebrating the sacraments, such as Mass or the Lord’s Supper (Eucharist). 

#8 – Covenants: Abrahamic Covenant vs. New Covenant

The concept of a covenant — a sacred agreement between God and humanity — is central to both Judaism and Christianity, yet the nature of these covenants differs significantly.

Judaism emphasizes the Abrahamic covenant, which establishes the Jewish people’s unique relationship with God. This covenant is marked by circumcision, adherence to the Torah, and the promise of land and blessings in return for faithfulness to God’s commandments.

Dosick explains the historical origin of this belief: 

When Abraham declared his belief in the one Lord God, God promised Abraham that he and his descendants would become a great nation... God further promised Abraham that He would bring him and his descendants to dwell in a special land, the Land of Israel. God promised to make Abraham’s name great and to bless him and his descendants (Genesis 12:2, 17, 22). This spiritual covenant forms the basis of the relationship between God and the Jewish People.

Christianity builds on this concept with the idea of the New Covenant , inaugurated through Jesus Christ. Christians believe that Jesus’ death and resurrection fulfilled and transformed the earlier covenants, offering salvation and eternal life to all who have faith in him.

Weaver and Brakke provide one notable example:

The early eucharistic formulas (in 1 Corinthians, for example) relate that Jesus, on the night before he died, blessed the cup and said, ‘This cup is the new covenant in my blood’ (11:25). Later, in Hebrews (8:8-12), the author quotes from Jeremiah explicitly to draw theological conclusions from it: if there is a new covenant found in the New Testament, it is based on an experience of Jesus and is not understandable apart from that experience.

#9 – Afterlife Beliefs: Varied Views in Judaism vs. Heaven (Purgatory) and Hell

Judaism and Christianity offer distinct perspectives on the afterlife . In Judaism, beliefs about the afterlife are diverse and not as central to religious practice as they are in Christianity.

As Dosick , referring to the belief in the afterlife, notes: 

Most faith communities have shaped and settled on an answer for themselves, which brings their faithful adherents a measure of certainty, confidence, and comfort. But Judaism has no one singular response. Much like its ever-evolving ideas of God, its continually developing system of law, and its ever-present delicate balance between the worlds of law and spirit, Judaism has no absolute definitive dogma about what happens after death.

Jewish teachings range from ideas of resurrection and the World to Come (“Olam Ha-Ba”) to more ambiguous notions of an enduring connection with God.

Christianity places a stronger emphasis on the afterlife, particularly the concepts of heaven and hell . Historically, these concepts, as Bart D. Ehrman explored in his book Heaven and Hell , evolved under the influence of the Jewish apocalyptic tradition and Greco-Roman philosophical (Platonic) worldview. 

During the Middle Ages, a concept of purgatory also emerged . In his seminal book La Naissance du purgatoire (The Birth of the Purgatory), Jacques Le Goeff traces its formalization to the end of the 12th century when theological, social, and cultural shifts within the Catholic Church led to a clearer articulation of purgatory as an intermediary state between heaven and hell.

The resurrection of the dead and the final judgment, central to Christian beliefs about the afterlife, offer a framework for understanding what lies beyond death, famously described in Shakespeare’s “Hamlet” as the “undiscovered country from whose bourn no traveler returns.”

#10 – Missionary Focus: Non-Proselytizing vs. Evangelical Emphasis 

With this list entry, we come to the last of the 10 differences between Judaism and Christianity! As it turns out, these religious traditions differ in their approaches to spreading their faith. 

Judaism isn’t a missionary religion and doesn’t actively seek to convert non-Jews. Instead, it focuses on preserving its traditions and identity through family, community, and education. Conversion to Judaism is possible, but it requires a deliberate and rigorous process.

Christianity, by contrast, has a strong evangelical impulse rooted in Jesus’ command to “make disciples of all nations” (Mt 28:19) and, as Bart D. Ehrman showed in Triumph of Christianity , its apocalyptic origins.

From the early church to modern missionary movements, Christians have sought to share their faith widely, often adapting their message to different cultural contexts. This emphasis on evangelism has been a defining feature of Christianity throughout its history and underscores our final difference in the Judaism vs. Christianity exploration.

Judaism vs. Christianity Chart

We know comparing complex religious traditions like Judaism and Christianity can feel overwhelming, so we’ve done the heavy lifting for you! Below, you’ll find a concise chart summarizing the differences between Judaism and Christianity .

Think of it as your quick reference guide to impressing friends at dinner parties — or perhaps just understanding these traditions more clearly!

Judaism and Christianity vs. Hinduism and Buddhism

Before concluding our exploration of the differences between Judaism and Christianity, we decided to give a glimpse of two other major religious traditions: Hinduism and Buddhism. Why? 

Well, Rudyard Kipling’s well-known line, “East is East and West is West and never the twain shall meet,” might have reflected the realities of the 19th century, but it no longer holds in our interconnected, globalized world. 

Today, North, South, East, and West have merged in ways Kipling could never have envisioned. It’s now common to see Buddhists and Hindus practicing their faiths in Western countries.

Even in a predominantly Catholic nation like Croatia, where I live, one can encounter individuals openly embracing Buddhism and Hinduism as part of their lives. This vibrant diversity, in my view, is one of the greatest privileges of living in the 21st century and is reason enough to briefly acknowledge how these two religions differ from Judaism and Christianity. So, let’s take a look! 

Judaism and Christianity, as monotheistic traditions rooted in the belief in one God, differ fundamentally from Hinduism and Buddhism, which take diverse approaches to the divine. 

Hinduism, with its polytheistic tendencies and belief in a cosmic order (“dharma”), incorporates gods, avatars, and the ultimate reality of Brahman, while Buddhism generally sidesteps theistic frameworks , focusing instead on the Four Noble Truths and the path to enlightenment (“nirvana”).

Unlike the linear view of history and salvation in Judaism and Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism emphasize cycles of rebirth (“samsara”) and liberation (“moksha” or “nirvana”). Additionally, while rituals and communal worship are central in Judaism and Christianity, Buddhism and Hinduism place significant focus on meditation , self-discipline, and individual spiritual practices.

Conclusion: Judaism vs. Christianity

Judaism and Christianity, while sharing a common heritage , reflect profoundly distinct religious frameworks that have shaped their respective identities over millennia. By exploring shared foundations and key differences between Judaism and Christianity, we uncover the unique theological, ritual, and social elements of each tradition.

This comparative approach, enriched by glimpses into other global religions like Hinduism and Buddhism, highlights the rich diversity and complexity of religious life across cultures.

In 1959, Wilfred Cantwell Smith , a towering figure in the comparative study of religion, reflected on the transformative potential of the comparative approach in understanding religious traditions: 

The traditional form of Western scholarship in the study of other [religious traditions] was that of an impersonal presentation of an “it.” The first great innovation in recent times has been the personalization of the faiths observed so that one finds a discussion of a “they.” Presently the observer becomes personally involved, so that the situation is one of a “we” talking about a “they.” The next step is a dialogue where “we” talk to “you.” If there is listening and mutuality, this may become that “we” talk with “you.” The culmination of the process is when “we all” are talking with each other about “us.”

This vision serves as a powerful reminder that the comparative study of religion holds value far beyond academic circles. By engaging with the differences and shared humanity in traditions such as Judaism, Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism, we take steps toward a more inclusive and interconnected future.

Marko Marina

About the author

Marko Marina is a historian with a Ph.D. in ancient history from the University of Zagreb (Croatia). He is the author of dozens of articles about early Christianity's history. He works as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Zagreb where he teaches courses on the history of Christianity and the Roman Empire. In his free time, he enjoys playing basketball and spending quality time with his family and friends.

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Differences Between Christianity and Judaism

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