5 whys problem solving method

5 whys: The Power of Asking "Why?" Five Times

The Power of Asking "Why?" Five Times: A Deep Dive into the 5 Whys Method

In any problem-solving process, it's essential to identify the root cause of the issue to solve it effectively. That's where the 5 Whys method comes in.

This simple yet powerful technique involves asking "why?" five times to get to the heart of the problem. By doing so, you can address the underlying cause of the issue and develop long-term solutions.

In this article, we'll explore the 5 Whys method and its benefits. We'll also provide you with practical tips on how to use it effectively in your personal and professional life.

What is the 5 Whys method?

The 5 Whys method is a problem-solving technique that was first introduced by Sakichi Toyoda, the founder of Toyota Industries, in the 1930s. The idea behind the method is to ask "why?" five times in a row to get to the root cause of a problem. Each subsequent "why?" builds on the answer to the previous question, allowing you to delve deeper into the issue.

How does the 5 Whys method work?

Let's say that your car won't start. You might ask yourself, "Why won't my car start?" Your first answer might be, "The battery is dead." You would then ask yourself, "Why is the battery dead?" Your second answer might be, "The alternator is not charging the battery.

" You would then ask yourself, "Why is the alternator not charging the battery?" Your third answer might be, "The alternator belt is broken ." You would then ask yourself, "Why is the alternator belt broken?" Your fourth answer might be,

"The belt was well past its replacement date, and I didn't get it replaced." You would then ask yourself, "Why didn't I get the belt replaced?" Your fifth and final answer might be, "I forgot about it."

By asking "why?" five times, you have identified the root cause of the problem: forgetting to replace the alternator belt. Now you can take steps to prevent this problem from happening in the future.

What are the benefits of the 5 Whys method?

The 5 Whys method offers several benefits, including:

Identifying the root cause of the problem

By asking "Why?" five times, you can get to the heart of the issue and identify the underlying cause of the problem . This allows you to develop effective long-term solutions rather than just addressing the symptoms of the issue.

Encouraging critical thinking

The 5 Whys method encourages critical thinking by forcing you to examine the issue from different angles. It helps you avoid jumping to conclusions and making assumptions.

Promoting teamwork

The 5 Whys method is an excellent tool for team problem-solving. By involving multiple team members in the process, you can get a broader perspective on the issue and come up with more effective solutions.

How to use the 5 Whys method effectively

To use the 5 Whys method effectively, follow these practical tips:

Define the problem clearly

Before you start asking "Why?" five times, make sure you have a clear understanding of the problem you are trying to solve . Be specific about the issue you are trying to address.

Involve the right people

If you are using the 5 Whys method in a team setting, make sure you involve the right people. You want to have a diverse group of individuals with different perspectives and expertise.

Ask open-ended questions

When asking "Why?" make sure you ask open-ended questions that encourage discussion and exploration. Avoid closed-ended questions that limit the conversation.

Avoid blame

The 5 Whys method is not about blaming individuals for problems. Instead, it's about finding the root cause of the issue so that it can be addressed and prevented in the future. Make sure the focus is on finding solutions rather than assigning blame.

Keep it simple

The 5 Whys method should be straightforward and easy to understand. Avoid using technical jargon or complex language that might confuse people.

Use it proactively

The 5 Whys method can also be used proactively to identify potential problems before they occur. By asking "why?" five times, you can uncover potential issues and address them before they become significant problems.

Real-world applications of the 5 Whys method

The 5 Whys method can be used in a wide range of industries and situations. Here are some examples:

Manufacturing

In manufacturing, the 5 Whys method can be used to identify the root cause of defects in products. By doing so, manufacturers can make improvements to their processes and prevent similar defects from occurring in the future.

In healthcare, the 5 Whys method can be used to identify the root cause of medical errors or patient safety incidents. By doing so, healthcare providers can develop processes and procedures to prevent similar incidents from occurring in the future.

In business, the 5 Whys method can be used to identify the root cause of problems such as low employee morale, poor customer satisfaction, or low productivity. By doing so, businesses can make improvements to their processes and address the underlying issues.

The 5 Whys method is a simple yet powerful problem-solving technique that can be used in a wide range of situations.

By asking "why?" five times, you can identify the root cause of an issue and develop effective long-term solutions. When using the 5 Whys method, it's essential to define the problem clearly, involve the right people, ask open-ended questions, avoid blame, keep it simple, and use it proactively.

By following these tips, you can use the 5 Whys method to its full potential and achieve better outcomes in your personal and professional life.

FAQs: 5 Whys

Is the 5 whys method the only problem-solving technique.

No, there are several other problem-solving techniques, such as root cause analysis, fishbone diagrams, and SWOT analysis.

Can the 5 Whys method be used in personal situations?

Yes, the 5 Whys method can be used in personal situations such as identifying the cause of a relationship issue or a personal problem.

How many people should be involved in the 5 Whys method?

It depends on the situation. In some cases, a single person can use the 5 Whys method to solve a problem . In other cases, a team may be required.

How long does it take to complete the 5 Whys method?

It depends on the complexity of the issue being addressed. In some cases, it may only take a few minutes, while in others, it may take several hours.

Is the 5 Whys method foolproof?

No, the 5 Whys method is not foolproof. It is just one tool in a problem-solving toolbox and should be used in conjunction with other techniques.

Additional 5 Why Information

5 Whys Analysis : The 5 Whys analysis is a problem-solving technique that involves asking "why?" five times to uncover the root cause of an issue. It is a simple and effective way to get to the heart of a problem and develop long-term solutions.

5 Whys Template : A 5 Whys template is a tool that can be used to guide the process of asking "Why?" five times. It typically includes spaces to document the answers to each of the five questions and helps to keep the process organized.

5 Whys Example : An example of the 5 Whys technique in action might be investigating why a customer is unhappy with a product or service. By asking "why?" five times, the company could identify the root cause of the issue and take steps to address it.

5 Whys Technique : The 5 Whys technique is a problem-solving method that involves asking "why?" five times to uncover the root cause of an issue. It is a useful tool in a wide range of industries and situations.

5 Whys Method : The 5 Whys method is a structured approach to problem-solving that involves asking "why?" five times to get to the root cause of an issue. It is a simple yet powerful tool that can be used in many different situations.

5 Whys Problem Solving : The 5 Whys problem-solving technique is a way to identify the root cause of an issue by asking "Why?" five times. It is an effective way to get to the heart of a problem and develop long-term solutions.

5 Whys Template Word : A 5 Whys template in Word is a document that can be used to guide the process of asking "why?" five times. It can be customized to suit the needs of a particular situation.

5 Whys Root Cause Analysis Example : A root cause analysis using the 5 Whys method might involve investigating why a manufacturing process is producing defective products . By asking "why?" five times, the root cause of the defects could be identified and addressed.

5 Whys Six Sigma : The 5 Whys technique is a valuable tool in the Six Sigma process, which focuses on improving quality and efficiency in manufacturing and other industries.

Root Cause Analysis 5 Whys Template : A root cause analysis using the 5 Whys method can be facilitated by using a template that guides the process of asking "why?" five times. This helps to keep the process organized and focused.

What are the 5 Whys Questions : The 5 Whys questions are a set of five questions that are used to identify the root cause of a problem. They are typically phrased as "Why did this happen?" and repeated five times.

How are the 5 Whys used : The 5 Whys are used to identify the root cause of a problem by asking "Why?" five times. This helps to get to the heart of the issue and develop long-term solutions.

Jefferson Memorial 5 Whys : The Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C. is an example of the 5 Whys technique in action. The memorial was experiencing water infiltration, and the 5 Whys were used to identify the root cause of the problem.

Using the 5 Whys is a Helpful Way to : Using the 5 Whys is a helpful way to get to the root cause of a problem and develop long-term solutions. It is a simple and effective problem-solving technique that can be used in many different situations.

Sakichi Toyoda 5 Whys : Sakichi Toyoda, the founder of Toyota Industries, is credited with developing the 5 Whys technique as a way to improve the company's manufacturing processes. The technique has since been adopted by many other industries and has become a widely used problem-solving method.

Final thoughts

The 5 Whys is a problem-solving technique used to determine the root cause of a problem. It involves asking "why" at least five times to drill down to the underlying issue causing the problem.

For example, if a machine in a factory stopped working, the first "why" could be, "Why did the machine stop working?" The second "why" could be, "Why did the machine's motor fail?" The third "why" could be, "Why was there a short circuit in the motor?" The fourth "why" could be, "Why wasn't the motor properly maintained?" And the fifth "why" could be, "Why wasn't there a regular maintenance schedule for the motor?"

By asking "why" at least five times, the root cause of the problem can be identified, and the necessary actions can be taken to prevent it from happening again in the future.

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Root Cause Analysis with 5 Whys Technique (With Examples)

By Sebastian Traeger

Updated: April 23, 2024

Reading Time: 7 minutes

What Is the 5 Whys Technique?

Example of the 5 whys technique, how to conduct a 5 whys analysis in 5 steps, when to use a 5 whys analysis, using 5 whys template, tips for mastering the 5 whys technique, frequently asked questions about 5 whys.

With over two decades in business – spanning strategy consulting, tech startups and executive leadership – I am committed to helping your organization thrive.

At Reliability, we’re on a mission to help enhance strategic decision-making and operational excellence through the power of Root Cause Analysis, and I hope this article will be helpful! 

Our goal is to help you better understand 5 whys techniques by offering insights and practical tips based on years of experience. Whether you’re new to doing RCAs or a seasoned pro, we trust this will be useful in your journey towards working hard and working smart.

The 5 Whys Technique is like peeling an onion – it helps you uncover the underlying reasons behind a problem, layer by layer. By repeatedly asking “why” at least five times, this method digs deep to reveal the root cause of an issue. It’s a simple yet powerful problem-solving approach that aims to get to the heart of the matter rather than just addressing surface-level symptoms.

5 Whys Technique: A method that involves iteratively asking “why” five times to unveil the fundamental cause of a problem.

In essence, the 5 Whys Technique is not just about fixing what’s broken on the surface; it’s about understanding and addressing the deeper issues that lead to problems in the first place.

The 5 Whys Technique is like a detective, uncovering the truth behind recurring problems. Let’s take a look at how this method works in two different scenarios.

Case Study: Manufacturing Defects

Imagine a company that keeps encountering the same manufacturing defects despite various attempts to fix them. By using the 5 Whys Technique, they discovered that the defects were not caused by faulty machinery, as previously assumed, but rather by human error due to unclear operating instructions. This realization led to improved training procedures and clear work guidelines, ultimately eliminating the defects.

Application in Service Industry

Now, consider a service industry struggling with frequent customer complaints and service failures. Through the 5 Whys Technique, it was revealed that these issues stemmed from inadequate staffing levels during peak hours. By addressing this root cause, such as hiring additional staff or adjusting schedules, the service quality can significantly improve, leading to higher customer satisfaction.

These examples illustrate how the 5 Whys Technique can be applied across different sectors to identify and address underlying issues effectively.

Step 1: Identify the Problem

Before diving into a 5 Whys analysis, it’s crucial to clearly identify the problem or issue at hand . This step sets the stage for the entire process and ensures that the focus remains on addressing the right concern. Take the time to gather relevant data, observe patterns, and consult with team members or stakeholders to gain a comprehensive understanding of the problem.

Step 2: Ask ‘Why’ Five Times

Once the problem is clearly defined, it’s time to start peeling back the layers. The process involves asking “why” five times, not necessarily limited to five questions but enough to delve deeper into the underlying causes of the problem . Each “why” serves as a gateway to uncovering additional factors contributing to the issue. This iterative approach helps in identifying not just one cause, but multiple interconnected elements that may be at play.

By consistently probing deeper with each “why,” you can reveal hidden complexities and nuances that may have been overlooked initially. This method allows for a more thorough understanding of the situation, paving the way for effective solutions that address root causes rather than surface-level symptoms.

This structured approach encourages critical thinking and enables teams to move beyond quick fixes towards sustainable improvements.

The 5 Whys Technique is a versatile problem-solving approach that can be applied in various scenarios to uncover root causes and drive continuous improvement. Here are two key situations where the 5 Whys Analysis can be particularly beneficial:

Recurring Issues

• The 5 Whys Technique is especially useful when dealing with recurring issues. Whether it’s a manufacturing defect that keeps resurfacing or a persistent customer complaint in the service industry, this method helps identify the underlying reasons behind these repetitive problems. By repeatedly asking “why,” it becomes possible to trace the issue back to its root cause, allowing for targeted solutions that prevent reoccurrence.

Process Improvement

• Organizations constantly strive to enhance their processes and workflows for increased efficiency and quality. When seeking to improve existing procedures, the 5 Whys Technique serves as a valuable tool. By systematically analyzing the factors contributing to inefficiencies or bottlenecks, teams can gain insights into how processes can be optimized at their core. This method enables organizations to make informed decisions about process improvements based on a deep understanding of the underlying issues.

In both cases, the 5 Whys Analysis offers a structured yet flexible approach to delve into complex problems, making it an indispensable tool for driving meaningful change and progress within organizations.

When it comes to conducting a 5 Whys analysis, utilizing a structured template can greatly facilitate the process and ensure a comprehensive investigation into the root cause identification. Using RCA software such as EasyRCA can benefit the team by streamlining your 5-why process. Here’s how organizations can benefit from using a template:

Benefits of Using a Template

• Streamlined Process: A well-designed 5 Whys template provides a clear framework for conducting the analysis, guiding teams through the iterative questioning process. This streamlines the investigation, making it easier to navigate and ensuring that no crucial aspects are overlooked.
• Thorough Investigation: By following a predefined template, teams are prompted to explore various facets of the problem systematically. This ensures that all relevant factors are considered, leading to a more thorough and insightful investigation into the underlying causes.
• Consistent Approach: Templates offer a standardized approach to conducting 5 Whys analyses within an organization. This consistency promotes uniformity in problem-solving methods across different teams or departments, enhancing overall efficiency and effectiveness.

Customizing the Template

Organizations have the flexibility to customize 5 Whys templates according to their specific needs and industry requirements. This adaptability allows for tailoring the template to address unique challenges and incorporate industry-specific considerations. Customization may include:

• Adding Industry-Specific Prompts: Tailoring the template by incorporating prompts or questions relevant to particular industries or types of issues being analyzed.
• Incorporating Visual Aids: Enhancing the template with visual aids such as flow charts or diagrams can help teams better understand and communicate complex causal relationships.
• Iterative Refinement: Regularly reviewing and refining the template based on feedback and evolving organizational needs ensures that it remains aligned with current processes and challenges.

Customizing the template empowers organizations to harness the full potential of the 5 Whys Technique in addressing diverse problems while aligning with their unique operational contexts.

Encouraging Open Communication

In mastering the 5 Whys Technique as a problem-solving method, creating an environment that fosters open communication is paramount. When team members feel comfortable expressing their perspectives and insights, it leads to a more comprehensive exploration of the underlying causes of a problem. Encouraging open communication allows for diverse viewpoints to be considered, providing a holistic understanding of the issue at hand.

By promoting an atmosphere where individuals are empowered to voice their observations and concerns, the 5 Whys analysis can benefit from a rich tapestry of ideas and experiences. This inclusive approach not only enhances the depth of the analysis but also cultivates a sense of ownership and collective responsibility for addressing root causes within the team or organization.

Continuous Improvement Mindset

A key aspect of mastering the 5 Whys Technique is embracing a continuous improvement mindset. Rather than viewing problems as isolated incidents, this approach encourages teams to see them as opportunities for growth and development. By instilling a culture of continuous improvement, organizations can leverage the insights gained from 5 Whys analyzes to drive positive change across various aspects of their operations.

Fostering a mindset focused on continuous improvement entails actively seeking feedback, evaluating processes, and implementing iterative enhancements based on the findings. It involves an ongoing commitment to learning from past experiences and leveraging that knowledge to proactively address potential issues before they escalate. Embracing this mindset ensures that the 5 Whys Technique becomes ingrained in the organizational ethos, leading to sustained progress and resilience in problem-solving efforts.

As we wrap up our exploration of the 5 Whys Technique, let’s address some common questions that may arise regarding this powerful problem-solving method.

What is the primary goal of the 5 Whys Technique?

The primary goal of the 5 Whys Technique is to uncover the root cause of a problem by iteratively asking “why” at least five times. This approach aims to move beyond surface-level symptoms and address the underlying issues that lead to recurring problems.

Is the 5 Whys Technique limited to specific industries or sectors?

No, the 5 Whys Technique is versatile and can be applied across various industries and sectors. Whether it’s manufacturing, healthcare, service, or technology, this method offers a structured yet flexible approach to identifying root causes and driving continuous improvement.

How does the 5 Whys Technique contribute to continuous improvement?

By delving into the fundamental reasons behind problems, the 5 Whys Technique provides organizations with valuable insights for driving continuous improvement. It not only helps in resolving immediate issues but also fosters a culture of ongoing enhancement and development within an organization.

Can the 5 Whys Technique be used for complex problems with multiple contributing factors?

Yes, while initially designed as a simple and straightforward method, the 5 Whys Technique can certainly be applied to complex problems with multiple interconnected factors. By systematically probing deeper into each layer of causality, this technique enables a comprehensive understanding of intricate issues.

I hope you found this guide to 5 whys technique insightful and actionable! Stay tuned for more thought-provoking articles as we continue to share our knowledge. Success is rooted in a thorough understanding and consistent application, and we hope this article was a step in unlocking the full potential of Root Cause Analysis for your organization.

Reliability runs initiatives such as an online learning center focused on the proprietary PROACT® RCA methodology and EasyRCA.com software. For additional resources, visit Reliability Resources .

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Root Cause Analysis – The 5 Whys Technique

This elementary and often effective approach to problem-solving promotes deep thinking through questioning, and can be adapted quickly and applied to most problems. For example, asking “Why?” may be a favorite technique of your three-year-old child in driving you crazy, but it could teach you a valuable problem-solving technique.

“If you don’t ask the right questions, you don’t get the right answers. A question asked in the right way often points to its answer. Asking questions is the ABC of diagnosis. Only the inquiring mind solves problems.” – Edward Hodnett

The “5 Whys” is a simple problem-solving technique that helps you to get to the root of a problem quickly, which was originally developed by Sakichi Toyota. It was used within the Toyota Motor Corporation during the evolution of its manufacturing methodologies. It is a critical component of problem-solving training, delivered as part of the induction into the Toyota Production System.

How to Conduct 5 Whys Analysis?

When you’re looking to solve a problem, start at the result and work backward (toward the root cause), continually asking: “Why?” You’ll need to repeat this over and over until the root cause of the problem becomes apparent.

The 5 Whys strategy involves looking at any problem and asking: “Why?” and “What caused this problem?” Very often, the answer to the first “why” will prompt another “why” and the answer to the second “why” will prompt another and so on; hence the name the 5 Whys strategy.

The 5 Whys exercise is vastly improved when applied by a team and there are five basic steps to conducting it:

• Write down the specific problem. Writing the issue helps you formalize the problem and describe it completely. It also helps a team focus on the same problem.
• Ask “Why” the problem happens and write the answer down below the problem.
• If the answer you just provided doesn’t identify the root cause of the problem that you wrote down in Step 1, ask “Why” again and write that answer down.
• Loopback to step 3 until the team is in agreement that the problem’s root cause is identified. Again, this may take fewer or more times than five Whys.
• After settling on the most probable root cause of the problem and obtaining confirmation of the logic behind the analysis, develop appropriate corrective actions to remove the root cause from the system.

Edit this Diagram

5 Whys Example

The vehicle will not start. (The problem)

• Why? – The battery is dead. (First why)
• Why? – The alternator is not functioning. (Second why)
• Why? – The alternator belt has broken. (Third why)
• Why? – The alternator belt was well beyond its useful service life and not replaced. (Fourth why)
• Why? – The vehicle was not maintained according to the recommended service schedule. (Fifth why, a root cause)

Note: A 5 Whys analysis sometime could be taken further to a sixth, seventh, or higher level, but five iterations of asking why are generally sufficient to get to a root cause.

5-Whys Criticisms

Here are each of the criticisms as listed on the Wikipedia:

• Stopping at symptoms, not the root cause
• Limited by the investigator’s knowledge.
• Not asking the right Why questions.
• Not repeatable – Different people build different 5 Whys.
• The tendency to isolate a single root cause

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The Simple Yet Powerful 5 Whys Method for Effective Problem-Solving

Updated: May 16, 2023 by Lori Kinney

As a child, you were always asking your parents “Why this?” “Why that?” “Why can’t I do this?” “Why can’t I do that?” Little did you know that you were preparing yourself to be a problem-solver looking for root causes when you would grow up. 

This article will discuss what is the 5 Why method of looking for a problem’s root cause, how to correctly ask the questions, and what benefits and best practices there might be to help you do a better job of improving your processes. 

Overview: What are the 5 Whys? 

The 5 Whys technique was developed in the 1930s by Sakichi Toyoda, the Japanese industrialist, inventor, and founder of Toyota Industries. The 5 Whys technique is an iterative, team-driven process that interrogates the problem by asking Why(?) a number of times, usually 5, thus driving the search to uncover the root cause of a problem.

Rather than using the phrase “solutions” once the root cause is found, the 5 Whys uses the term “countermeasures.” A countermeasure is action-oriented and seeks to prevent the problem from happening again, whereas a solution may just seek to deal with the symptoms.

Here is the 5 Why technique in a nutshell:

First, you must have a defined problem.  Put together a team to address the problem. Then:

• List: Using a white board, flip chart, butcher paper, or other visual display, list five potential reasons for your problem.
• Evaluate: Using data, subject matter experts, or experience, evaluate each of the five potential reasons.
• Select: Select the one reason that seems to be the most likely potential cause.  
• List again: Now list five potential reasons for the potential cause that you selected.
• Evaluate again: Evaluate those five new potential reasons.
• Select again: Again, select the one reason that seems to have the most potential as a root cause.

Repeat the process of list, evaluate, and select as many times as needed until you feel that the root cause has been uncovered. The 

Unfortunately, many organizations don’t do the 5 Whys the correct way. Often, they:

• Look at the problem
• Offer one potential cause
• Ask “Why?” for that one cause
• And continue one at a time 

In the end, you will have only explored five potential causes. Doing it with the list, evaluate, and select approach, you will have assessed 25 potential causes by listing five for each iteration.

3 benefits of the 5 Whys 

This technique has been around since the 1930s. It has been shown to work and can be successfully applied to many situations. 

1. It is a simple yet powerful tool

With just the use of a flip chart and a few markers, a group of people can usually get to the root cause of a problem relatively quickly. 

2. A sking “why” 5 times focuses the team on getting to the root cause

Using this approach in a disciplined fashion will get you to focus on the causes and prevent you from jumping to conclusions as to the solution. 

3. Helps engage the people who deal with the problem   

Getting input from the people who deal with the problem and making them part of the solution can result in better buy-in and engagement. 

Why are the 5 Whys important to understand? 

While the 5 Why technique is simple, you must understand the proper mechanics of the method so that you get the best results possible.

It encourages collaborative problem-solving

Getting the team to collaboratively work together is not only important for the 5 Why problem solving session but for any future activities that would improve the process.

You want to focus on improvement, not blame  

Do not allow such causes as “ human error,” “employee attitude,” “communication,” and other generic and ill-defined reasons to be used as the root cause.  

Understand the importance of having support from leadership  

Hopefully, in the end, the team will come up with a number of countermeasures that will remove the root cause(s) of a problem. It will usually fall upon leadership to provide the resources to make the change. Avoid future frustration by having management on board with this technique from the beginning. 

An example of the 5 Whys in use 

An example is in order.

You are on your way home from work, and your car stops:

• Why did your car stop? Because it ran out of gas.
• Why did it run out of gas? Because I didn’t buy any gas on my way to work.
• Why didn’t you buy any gas this morning? Because I didn’t have any money.
• Why didn’t you have any money? Because I lost it all last night in a poker game.

This example should illustrate the importance of digging down beneath the most proximate cause of the problem. Failure to determine the root cause assures that you will be treating the symptoms of the problem instead of its cause, in which case, the disease will return — that is, you will continue to have the same problems over and over again.

Also note that the actual numbers of whys is not important as long as you get to the root cause. One might also ask, “Why did you lose all your money in the poker game last night?”

Here’s another example. The Washington Monument was disintegrating:

• Why? Use of harsh chemicals
• Why? To clean pigeon poop
• Why so many pigeons? They eat spiders and there are a lot of spiders at monument
• Why so many spiders? They eat gnats and lots of gnats at monument
• Why so many gnats? They are attracted to the light at dusk.

Countermeasure: Turn on the lights at a later time.

3 best practices when thinking about the 5 Whys 

Doing the 5 Whys is simple, but not easy. Keep the team on task and take advantage of the team members’ knowledge, experience, and enthusiasm.

1. Don’t try to do this alone; use a group of people involved in the process  

Five heads are better than one. Select a diverse group of team members to get the widest perspective. 

2. Focus on counter measures rather than solutions  

The solution to a headache is to take two aspirin. The countermeasure to a headache is to find out what is causing it and remove it. 

3. Be open and respectful of everyone’s input and participation  

Everyone’s idea has value. You never know who might hold the hidden gem. Listen and be respectful so people will feel comfortable offering their ideas — you’ll also have better buy-in once you find the root cause. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about the 5 Whys

Can i ask more than 5 whys  .

Yes. You can ask more than five or less than five. The key is, how many questions does it take to get to what appears to be the root cause.

Can I use the computer to do the 5 Why exercise?  

It’s recommended that you use something more tactile like flip charts. This way, you can tear them off and hang them on the wall for everyone to see. The more visual you make the work, the better.

Should my manager run the 5 Why session or someone else?

Since the manager often has a stake in the outcome of the process, it might be best to use a neutral facilitator who can help keep the team on task, ask the right questions, and not get defensive when the potential causes are mentioned.

The 5 Whys wrapped up

The 5 Whys is an iterative, team-based approach to asking questions about the potential causes of a problem. Once the problem is defined, the potential causes should be listed, evaluated, and selected, and then repeated as many times as necessary to get to the root cause. 

Once the root cause(s) is identified, the team should recommend specific, action-oriented countermeasures to mitigate or eliminate the root cause of the problem. Remember, don’t just address the symptoms; you must find the underlying cause, otherwise the problem will resurface sometime in the future.

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About the author.

Lori Kinney

The 5 Whys Approach for Root-Cause Analysis: Definition, Example, and Template

Fahad Usmani, PMP

February 4, 2024

You often face a problem and conduct a simple brainstorming session to find a solution. You find the solution and implement it, but a little later, the problem resurfaces again with probably more intensity.

Such problems require a more in-depth analysis to find the root causes of the problems and tackle them permanently. The 5 Whys Approach (often referred to as “5Y”) is useful when finding solutions for recurring or difficult problems. 

Today’s article will discuss the 5 Whys Approach and provide examples and templates.

Historical Background of the 5 Whys Approach

The 5 Whys Approach was developed by the Toyota Motor Corporation and popularized in the 1930s by Sakichi Toyoda, a Japanese industrialist and creator of Toyota Industries. Taiichi Ohno was also one of the founders of the technique. In Ohno’s book, Toyota Production System: Beyond Large-Scale Production, he said, “By saying ‘why’ 5 times, the essence of the issue and its solution become evident.”

It evolved and became more popular in the 1970s.

Toyota follows a “go and see” philosophy, where they make decisions based on an in-depth understanding of what is “really” happening on the shop floor rather than someone sitting in the meeting room and assuming what might have happened.

The 5 Why technique follows this philosophy, and it is the most effective when you get answers from people who have experience with the issues or the problem at hand. 

What is the 5 Whys Approach?

The 5 Whys Approach is a problem-solving technique that helps identify the root cause of an issue by asking “why” 5 times to dive deeper into the layers of the problem. 

The 5 Whys Approach is useful in all industries. A study published in the International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences shows how the 5 Whys Approach reduces defects and improves overall quality. The iterative nature of the questioning process helps uncover underlying issues rather than just addressing surface-level symptoms.

By continuously asking “Why?” 5 times, you can get to the source of the problem.

The 5 Hows technique then identifies a solution to the fundamental cause(s). The 5 Whys and 5 Hows are mutually beneficial. You find the root cause using the 5 whys approach, and then you find the solution with the 5 Hows method.

The 5 Whys and 5 Hows technique can help you get to the bottom of a problem and find a solution.

The 5 Whys dig into the issue, and the 5 Hows are used to flesh out the solution. 

When Can You Use the 5 Whys Approach?

You can use the 5 Whys Approach when you have recurring problems. You can also use it to improve product and/or process quality.

This technique is useful for simple to moderate problems or issues as the 5 Why technique leads to a single cause, though a complex problem may have multiple root causes. In such situations, you can use other techniques such as cause and effect analysis , failure mode and effect analysis, etc.

The 5 Whys Approach is a straightforward, adaptable strategy. Even on the first try, you can uncover the root cause swiftly. You should use this method before using more advanced techniques.

As this technique requires time, you should use this method for the problems that affect the project most. You can use Pareto analysis to separate the most recurring issues, then use the 5 Whys Approach to identify a solution to these pressing concerns.

You can use this technique with any framework or methodology. You can use it in project management , lean manufacturing, Six Sigma, etc.

How to Use the 5 Whys Approach

Use the following steps to conduct the 5 Whys Approach :

1. Gather the Experts and Explain the Problem

Bring in people involved with the problem or issue for a brainstorming session. If you are not involved with the problem, get involved before participating in the session. You should also invite some experts who have experience solving similar problems.

Define the problem, write it on a whiteboard or a sheet of paper. Make sure that it is a straightforward problem statement , then write “why” 5 times vertically. Leave enough space between two whys, so you can write questions around them.

2. Ask the First “Why”

Ask the attendees why the problem occurred in the first place. Ensure that the attendees provide factual answers. Don’t allow participants to express their opinions or thoughts.

The attendees should only answer what has happened. This ensures that your assumptions are not included in the problem. This stops collecting a vast number of answers and stops becoming a process of guessing.

Record answers around the first “why.”

3. Ask “Why” Four More Times

You will turn the answer received in the first “why” to a “why” question and ask participants to answer this why again.

You can add why to the answer received from the previous response to make it another “Why.”

4. Stop When the Root Cause is Discovered

When you receive a satisfactory response or the root cause of the problem, there is no need to ask more whys, as it will waste your time.

For example, if you find the root cause of the problem after three whys, don’t go for the fourth why.

If you find more than one cause for the problem, do the same for different branches until you find the root cause for each reason.

The number 5 in 5 Whys is only a rule of thumb . You will often need to stop on the third or fourth why, and sometimes you may need more than 5 whys. As you continue the process, you will know when it is the right time to stop.

5. Determine and Implement Corrective Actions

After identifying the root cause(s), conduct another brainstorming session . You should list approved corrective activities to eradicate the issue’s root cause. You can use the 5 Hows method to figure out the answer. For example, “How can this problem be avoided?” Continue to ask “how” until you find a solution that eliminates the root cause.

6. Monitor the Solution

After implementing the solution, you must monitor it to ensure the solution is effective and the problem is solved entirely. Based on the feedback from the shop floor workers, you can update or modify the solution to make it more robust.

5 Whys Template

Below is an example template for the 5 Whys Approach.

5 Whys Approach Examples

Let’s review the 5 Whys examples to understand this technique better.

Problem Statement 

The client declined to pay the interim payment.

Why does the client refuse to make the advanced payment? 

We didn’t finish the activities on time.

Why didn’t we finish the activity on time? 

Because the action took longer than expected.

What led to the action taking longer than expected? 

First, we didn’t have enough materials for the exercise.

Why didn’t we have enough supplies with us?

We didn’t buy the materials in time.

Why didn’t we buy the materials sooner? 

We didn’t look at the job timetable.

Failure to analyze the job timetable is the root cause of the problem. 

Corrective Actions

To minimize the lack of communication and coordination, the project team should establish strong communication channels and hold regular progress meetings.

Problem Statement

Children don’t go outside to play

Benefits of the 5 Whys Approach

• They encourage each team member to submit suggestions for ongoing improvements.
• They are a highly effective, easy-to-use tool.
• They allow you to find the root cause of the problem instead of its symptoms.
• They avoid acting before you determine whether you’ve found the root cause of the problem.
• They create a culture that values continual improvements.

Limitations of the 5 Whys Approach

The following are a few limitations of the 5 whys approach:

• This technique often oversimplifies complex issues, thus leading to a superficial understanding of the problem.
• This technique depends on the quality of the questions. If the questions are not good enough, the analysis may not provide an effective solution.
• This exercise can become a blame game if it is not approached with a collaborative, non-judgmental mindset.
• The 5 Whys are ineffective when dealing with problems that have multiple, interrelated causes.

Q1: What is the 5 Whys Approach?

The 5 Whys Approach is a problem-solving technique that asks “why” repeatedly to get to the root cause of an issue. It helps find the underlying factors contributing to a problem rather than just addressing the symptoms.

Q2: How does the 5 Whys Approach work?

The technique involves asking “why” 5 times in succession to delve deeper into the causes of a problem. Each successive “why” helps identify the immediate cause and pushes towards understanding the fundamental root cause of the issue.

Q3: When should I use the 5 Whys Approach?

The 5 Whys Approach is most effective for addressing recurring problems, complex issues, or situations in which the root cause is not immediately apparent. It’s also valuable for continuous improvement and preventing problems from reoccurring.

The 5 Whys are a problem-solving method to find the root causes of issues. They ask “why” 5 times to dig deeper into problems. They help uncover hidden reasons that allow you to find effective solutions. They are easy to use and can solve various problems, which will prevent them from recurring.

I am Mohammad Fahad Usmani, B.E. PMP, PMI-RMP. I have been blogging on project management topics since 2011. To date, thousands of professionals have passed the PMP exam using my resources.

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The 5 Whys is a problem-solving technique used to identify the root cause of a problem by asking "why" five times. Product Glossary 5 Whys Also called: Five Why Analysis, 5 Why Technique, 5 Why Root Cause Analysis, 5 Why Problem Solving, and 5 Why Methodology See also: Assumptions Collection , Fishbone Diagram , Five Whys , Starbursting , Why-How Laddering Relevant metrics: Number of Problems Identified, Number of Root Causes Identified, Number of Solutions Implemented, Number of Problems Resolved, and Time to Resolve Problems In this article 5 Whys: A Problem-Solving Tool for Root Cause Analysis

The 5 Whys is a problem-solving tool used to identify the root cause of a problem. It is a simple yet effective technique that can be used to identify the underlying cause of a problem, allowing for the development of an effective solution. The 5 Whys is a process of asking “why” five times in order to get to the root cause of a problem.

The 5 Whys is a useful tool for problem-solving and root cause analysis. It can be used in a variety of situations, such as when trying to identify the cause of a customer complaint, a production issue, or a quality issue. It can also be used to identify the root cause of a problem in a process or system.

The tool can work very well in identifying the root cause of a problem quickly and efficiently. By asking “why” five times, it allows for a deeper understanding of the problem and its underlying causes. This understanding can then be used to develop an effective solution.

Being useful to quickly identify the root cause of a problem in a variety of situations and in turn develop an effecting solution, it is both simple and effective. Asking “why” five times allows for a deeper understanding of the problem and its underlying causes.

Example of applying the 5 Whys

Where did 5 whys come from.

The term 5 Whys is a problem-solving technique developed by Sakichi Toyoda, the founder of Toyota Motor Corporation. It is a simple yet effective tool used to identify the root cause of a problem. The technique involves asking “why” five times in order to get to the root cause of the problem. The idea is that by asking “why” five times, the problem can be identified and solved more quickly and efficiently. The 5 Whys technique is based on the idea that most problems can be solved by asking “why” five times. This technique is used in many industries, including manufacturing, engineering, and software development. It is also used in the fields of quality management and process improvement.

Applying the 5 Whys Method for Problem-Solving

The premise of the 5 Whys method is that asking “why” five times will lead to the root cause of the problem. Its effectiveness however, depends on the questions you ask. Be thorough, open-minded, consider alle possible causes, and ask questions that are relevant to the problem. Patience can help, as can take time to ask the necessary questions.

• Step 1 of the 5 Whys is to identify the problem. This can be done by asking questions such as “What is the problem?” or “What is the issue?”
• Step 2 is to ask “Why?” and answer the question. This is done by asking “Why is this happening?” or “What is causing this problem?”
• Step 3 is to repeat the process until the root cause is identified. This is done by continuing to ask “Why?” until the underlying cause of the problem is identified.

Benefits of Implementing the 5 Whys

• Increased Efficiency . The 5 Whys technique helps to quickly identify the root cause of a problem, allowing teams to focus their efforts on the most effective solutions. This can help to reduce the amount of time and resources spent on solving the issue.
• Improved Problem-Solving . By asking “why” five times, teams can gain a better understanding of the underlying cause of a problem. This can help to ensure that the right solutions are implemented, leading to better outcomes.
• Improved Communication . The 5 Whys technique encourages teams to communicate more effectively. By asking “why” five times, teams can gain a better understanding of the issue and come to a consensus on the best solution.
• Improved Teamwork . The 5 Whys technique encourages teams to work together to identify the root cause of a problem. This can help to foster collaboration and improve team morale.
• Improved Quality . By identifying the root cause of a problem, teams can ensure that the right solutions are implemented. This can help to improve the quality of products and services, leading to better customer satisfaction.

Challenges of Implementing the 5 Whys

• Time . The process can be time-consuming, as it requires a deep dive into the root cause of a problem. This can be difficult to do in a short amount of time, especially if the problem is complex.
• Resources . The right people, data, and tools available might be necessary for the method to be successful. Without the right resources, it can be difficult to discover the rights questions to ask.
• Communication . The 5 Whys process requires effective communication between team members to be successful - it is a collaborate method where participants build on each others input.
• Focus . The 5 Whys process requires focus and discipline to be successful. Without focus, it can be difficult to get to the root cause of a problem.

The 5 Whys technique is not a substitute for other problem-solving techniques, such as brainstorming or root cause analysis. It should be used in conjunction with other problem-solving techniques to ensure that the root cause of a problem is identified and addressed.

In the early 2000s, Toyota used the 5 Whys technique to identify the root cause of a problem with the accelerator pedal in some of its vehicles. By asking “why” five times, Toyota was able to identify that the problem was caused by a design flaw in the accelerator pedal.

Microsoft used the 5 Whys technique to identify the root cause of a problem with its Windows operating system. By asking “why” five times, Microsoft was able to identify that the problem was caused by a bug in the software code.

Amazon used the 5 Whys technique to identify the root cause of a problem with its online shopping website. By asking “why” five times, Amazon was able to identify that the problem was caused by a design flaw in the website’s user interface.

Apple used the 5 Whys technique to identify the root cause of a problem with its iPhone. By asking “why” five times, Apple was able to identify that the problem was caused by a hardware issue with the phone’s battery.

• What is the problem that needs to be solved?
• What is the root cause of the problem? Hint The root cause of the problem is the underlying cause of the issue.
• What are the potential causes of the problem? Hint The potential causes of the problem could be related to the environment, technology, processes, people, or other factors.
• What data or evidence do I have to support my hypothesis? Hint The data or evidence needed to support the hypothesis could include surveys, interviews, observations, or other forms of data collection.
• What are the potential solutions to the problem? Hint The potential solutions to the problem could include changes to the environment, technology, processes, people, or other factors.

You might also be interested in reading up on:

• Assumptions Collection
• Fishbone Diagram
• Starbursting
• Why-How Laddering
• John E. Sviokla @JohnSviokla
• John Cutler @johncutlefish
• Jared Spool @jmspool
• Jeff Gothelf @jboogie
• Eric Ries @ericries
• 14 Management Principles from the World's Greatest Manufacturer by Taiichi Ohno, The Toyota Way (2003)
• Value Stream Mapping to Create Value and Eliminate MUDA by John Shook, Learning to See (1999)
• The Story of Lean Production by Daniel T. Jones, The Machine That Changed the World (1990)
• Lean Production Simplified by James P. Womack, Daniel T. Jones, and Daniel Roos, The Machine That Changed the World (2005)
• How to Implement the Toyota Production System in Your Organization by Jeffrey K. Liker, The Toyota Way (2004)

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Getting to the Root of a Problem Quickly

Have you ever had a problem that refused to go away? No matter what you did, sooner or later it would return, perhaps in another form.

Stubborn or recurrent problems are often symptoms of deeper issues. "Quick fixes" may seem convenient, but they often solve only the surface issues and waste resources that could otherwise be used to tackle the real cause.

In this article and in the video, below, we look at the 5 Whys technique (sometimes known as 5Y). This is a simple but powerful tool for cutting quickly through the outward symptoms of a problem to reveal its underlying causes, so that you can deal with it once and for all.

Click here   to view a transcript of this video.

Origins of the 5 Whys Technique

Sakichi Toyoda, the Japanese industrialist, inventor, and founder of Toyota Industries, developed the 5 Whys technique in the 1930s. It became popular in the 1970s, and Toyota still uses it to solve problems today.

Toyota has a "go and see" philosophy. This means that its decision making is based on an in-depth understanding of what's actually happening on the shop floor   , rather than on what someone in a boardroom thinks might be happening.

The 5 Whys technique is true to this tradition, and it is most effective when the answers come from people who have hands-on experience of the process or problem in question.

The method is remarkably simple: when a problem occurs, you drill down to its root cause by asking "Why?" five times. Then, when a counter-measure becomes apparent, you follow it through to prevent the issue from recurring.

The 5 Whys uses "counter-measures," rather than "solutions." A counter-measure is an action or set of actions that seeks to prevent the problem from arising again, while a solution may just seek to deal with the symptom. As such, counter-measures are more robust, and will more likely prevent the problem from recurring.

When to Use a 5 Whys Analysis

You can use 5 Whys for troubleshooting, quality improvement, and problem solving, but it is most effective when used to resolve simple or moderately difficult problems.

It may not be suitable if you need to tackle a complex or critical problem. This is because 5 Whys can lead you to pursue a single track, or a limited number of tracks, of inquiry when, in fact, there could be multiple causes. In cases like these, a wider-ranging method such as Cause and Effect Analysis   or Failure Mode and Effects Analysis   may be more effective.

This simple technique, however, can often direct you quickly to the root cause of a problem. So, whenever a system or process isn't working properly, give it a try before you embark on a more in-depth approach – and certainly before you attempt to develop a solution.

The tool's simplicity gives it great flexibility, too, and 5 Whys combines well with other methods and techniques, such as Root Cause Analysis   . It is often associated with Lean Manufacturing   , where it is used to identify and eliminate wasteful practices. It is also used in the analysis phase of the Six Sigma   quality improvement methodology.

How to Use the 5 Whys

The model follows a very simple seven-step process:

1. Assemble a Team

Gather together people who are familiar with the specifics of the problem, and with the process that you're trying to fix. Include someone to act as a facilitator   , who can keep the team focused on identifying effective counter-measures.

2. Define the Problem

If you can, observe the problem in action. Discuss it with your team and write a brief, clear problem statement that you all agree on. For example, "Team A isn't meeting its response time targets" or "Software release B resulted in too many rollback failures."

Then, write your statement on a whiteboard or sticky note, leaving enough space around it to add your answers to the repeated question, "Why?"

3. Ask the First "Why?"

Ask your team why the problem is occurring. (For example, "Why isn't Team A meeting its response time targets?")

Asking "Why?" sounds simple, but answering it requires serious thought. Search for answers that are grounded in fact: they must be accounts of things that have actually happened, not guesses at what might have happened.

This prevents 5 Whys from becoming just a process of deductive reasoning, which can generate a large number of possible causes and, sometimes, create more confusion as you chase down hypothetical problems.

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Your team members may come up with one obvious reason why, or several plausible ones. Record their answers as succinct phrases, rather than as single words or lengthy statements, and write them below (or beside) your problem statement. For example, saying "volume of calls is too high" is better than a vague "overloaded."

4. Ask "Why?" Four More Times

For each of the answers that you generated in Step 3, ask four further "whys" in succession. Each time, frame the question in response to the answer you've just recorded.

Try to move quickly from one question to the next, so that you have the full picture before you jump to any conclusions.

The diagram, below, shows an example of 5 Whys in action, following a single lane of inquiry.

Figure 1: 5 Whys Example (Single Lane)

The 5 Whys method also allows you to follow multiple lanes of inquiry. An example of this is shown in Figure 2, below.

In our example, asking "Why was the delivery late?" produces a second answer (Reason 2). Asking "Why?" for that answer reveals a single reason (Reason 1), which you can address with a counter-measure.

Similarly, asking "Why did the job take longer than expected?" has a second answer (Reason 2), and asking "Why?" at this point reveals a single reason (Reason 1). Another "Why?" here identifies two possibilities (Reasons 1 and 2) before a possible counter-measure becomes evident.

There is also a second reason for "Why we ran out of printer ink" (Reason 2), and a single answer for the next "Why?" (Reason 1), which can then be addressed with a counter-measure.

Figure 2: 5 Whys Example (Multiple Lanes)

Step 5. Know When to Stop

You'll know that you've revealed the root cause of the problem when asking "why" produces no more useful responses, and you can go no further. An appropriate counter-measure or process change should then become evident. (As we said earlier, if you're not sure that you've uncovered the real root cause, consider using a more in-depth problem-solving technique like Cause and Effect Analysis   , Root Cause Analysis   , or FMEA   .)

If you identified more than one reason in Step 3, repeat this process for each of the different branches of your analysis until you reach a root cause for each one.

The "5" in 5 Whys is really just a " rule of thumb   ." In some cases, you may need to ask "Why?" a few more times before you get to the root of the problem.

In other cases, you may reach this point before you ask your fifth "Why?" If you do, make sure that you haven't stopped too soon, and that you're not simply accepting "knee-jerk" responses.

The important point is to stop asking "Why?" when you stop producing useful responses.

As you work through your chain of questions, you may find that someone has failed to take a necessary action. The great thing about 5 Whys is that it prompts you to go further than just assigning blame , and to ask why that happened. This often points to organizational issues or areas where processes need to be improved.

6. Address the Root Cause(s)

Now that you've identified at least one root cause, you need to discuss and agree on the counter-measures that will prevent the problem from recurring.

7. Monitor Your Measures

Keep a close watch on how effectively your counter-measures eliminate or minimize the initial problem. You may need to amend them, or replace them entirely. If this happens, it's a good idea to repeat the 5 Whys process to ensure that you've identified the correct root cause.

Appreciation

A similar question-based approach known as "appreciation" can help you to uncover factors in a situation that you might otherwise miss.

It was originally developed by the military to assist commanders in gaining a comprehensive understanding of any fact, problem or situation. But you can also apply it in the workplace.

Starting with a fact, you first ask the question, "So what?" – in other words, what are the implications of that fact? Why is this fact important?

You then continue asking that question until you've drawn all possible conclusions from it.

The major difference between this and the 5 Whys technique is that appreciation is often used to get the most information out of a simple fact or statement, while 5 Whys is designed to drill down to the root of a problem.

Bear in mind that appreciation can restrict you to one line of thinking. For instance, once you've answered your first "So what?" question, you might follow a single line of inquiry to its conclusion. To avoid this, repeat the appreciation process several times over to make sure that you've covered all bases.

The 5 Whys strategy is a simple, effective tool for uncovering the root of a problem. You can use it in troubleshooting, problem-solving, and quality-improvement initiatives.

Start with a problem and ask why it is occurring. Make sure that your answer is grounded in fact, and then ask the question again. Continue the process until you reach the root cause of the problem, and you can identify a counter-measure that will prevent it from recurring.

Bear in mind that this questioning process is best suited to simple or moderately difficult problems. Complex problems may benefit from a more detailed approach, although using 5 Whys will still give you useful insights.

Infographic

You can see our infographic on the 5 Whys method here:

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Comments (77)

• Over a month ago BillT wrote Hi hunyakvera, Thanks for your observant feedback. Sakichi Toyoda died in October of 1930, and is the creator of the 5 Whys. Also, he is stated as the founder of Toyota as he challenged his son to start a business that applied the principles of Lean and the 5 Whys. His son Kiichiro first continued with the loom company, and then decided he could do the same for any company, primarily a car company that he called Toyota. BillT Mind Tools Team
• Over a month ago hunyakvera wrote Hi! Great article. However Sakichi Toyoda died in the year 1930, so i don't see how he could have developed this technique in the 1930s. Either 1930 in his last year of life, or the date is wrong. Also, he wasn't the founder of Toyota. His son was. However, he was the founder of Toyoda companies, but not Toyota
• Over a month ago Midgie wrote Hi MGlasscock, Welcome to the Club! Indeed this 5 Whys approach is a great technique to get to the bottom of things! It would be great to meet you so come on over to the Forums and introduce yourself. Also if you have any questions, just let us know and we will be happy to help. Midgie Mind Tools Team

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